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in subjects: "Retorting"

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Energy Program annual report

The national economy is particularly dependent on efficient electrical generation and transportation. Electrical demand continues to grow and will increasingly rely on coal and nuclear fuels. The nuclear power industry still has not found a solution to the problem of disposing of the waste produced by nuclear reactors. Although coal is in ample supply and the infrastructure is in place for its utilization, environmental problems and improved conversion processes remain technical challenges. In … more

Date: February 1, 1988

Creator: Borg, I.Y. (ed.)

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Model capabilities for in-situ oil shale recovery

The extensive oil shale reserves of the United States are now under development as an energy source. One of the approaches for extracting oil from shale is the so-called modified in-situ retort. The operation of such retorts for maximum yield requires an understanding of oil loss mechanisms so that operating strategies that minimize these losses can be developed. The present modeling capabilities for describing the behavior and yield from a modified in-situ retort are discussed. It is shown how… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Hommert, P.J. & Tyner, C.E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Anaerobic fermentation of simulated in-situ oil shale retort water

The feasibility of removing soluble organics from oil shale retort water by anaerobic digestion with methane production was experimentally investigated. The following conclusions were made. The retort water studied had to be pretreated to remove toxic and add deficient constituents before it could be successfully treated with the anaerobic fermentation process. Pretreatment included pH adjustment to 7, ammonia reduction, and nutrient addition. A digested sludge from a conventional municipal sew… more

Date: November 1, 1977

Creator: Ossio, E. A.; Fox, J. P.; Thomas, J. F. & Poulson, R. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Energy from true in situ processing of Antrim Shale: extraction trials in an explosively fractured site

Three in situ energy extraction trials were conducted at The Dow Chemical Company's oil shale site, in Michigan's Sanilac County, near the town of Peck. Here the Antrim shale layer occurs between 1200 and 1400 feet underground. The trials began on October 14, 1979, and ended on April 1, 1980. The three trials, lasting 7, 60 and 17 days respectively, were conducted in a formation prepared by explosive fracturing. Ignition energy was generated with a methane burner. Some energy in the form of a d… more

Date: August 1, 1980

Creator: VanDerPloeg, M.L.; Peil, C.A.; Kinkel, C.G.; Pihlaja, R.K.; Murdick, D.A.; Frost, J.R. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The development of an integrated multistage fluid bed retorting process. [KENTORT II process--50-lb/hr]

This report summarizes the progress made on the development of an integrated multistage fluidized bed retorting process (KENTORT II). The KENTORT II process includes integral fluidized bed zone for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of the oil shale. The purpose of this program is to design and test the KENTORT II process at the 50-lb/hr scale. The work performed during this year involved projects that will contribute physical and chemical data for the final design of the 50-lb/hr retort. … more

Date: January 1, 1992

Creator: Carter, S.; Vego, A.; Taulbee, D. & Stehn, J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Paraho environmental data. Part I. Process characterization. Par II. Air quality. Part III. Water quality

From 1973 to 1978, Development Engineering, Inc. (DEI), a subsidiary of Paraho Development Corporation, demostrated the Paraho technology for surface oil shale retorting at Anvil Points, Colorado. A considerable amount of environmentally-related research was also conducted. This body of data represents the most comprehensive environmental data base relating to surface retorting that is currently available. In order to make this information available, the DOE Office of Environment has undertaken… more

Date: June 1, 1980

Creator: Heistand, R. N.; Atwood, R. A. & Richardson, K. L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

True in-situ bed preparation: oil shale and tar sand

In 1978, a detailed study was conducted to evaluate the status of the bed preparation technology that had been developed for true in-situ processing of oil shale. It was concluded that the two techniques which had received the bulk of the attention in prior field experimentation, namely the wellbore springing and hydraulic/explosive fracturing concepts, both had inherent traits which would prevent them from being useful in practical applications. In the current paper, the previous results are r… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Boade, R. R.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Industrial hygiene concerns associated with oil shale development

Health protection concerns (including industrial hygiene, safety, and occupational medicine) must be evaluated to insure that development of the oil shale industry proceeds without significant risk to the health of the workers involved. These concerns need to be identified in the early stages of developing this industry. To provide a basis for discussing potential health protection concerns related to oil shale, it is necessary to briefly discuss the magnitude and characteristics of this resour… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Ettinger, H.J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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BX in-situ oil shale project. Annual status report on environmental monitoring and analysis-SP No. 6, March 1, 1980-February 28, 1981

The objective of the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation leached zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. Utilizing primarily the natural porosity in the leached zone, approximately one trillion Btus of heat will be injected into a site over a two-year period to heat to retorting te… more

Date: September 1, 1981

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Shale-oil-wastewater treatment by evaporation

Experimental studies were performed to assess the feasibility of using evaporation to treat oil shale retort water. Retort wastewaters from an in situ shale oil site near Vernal, Utah, were used in this study. This wastewater has a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 7000 mg/L, total organic carbon (TOC) of 2000 mg/L, and ammonia concentrations of 1600 mg/L. Data for this study were collected from a bench-model evaporator with a 95 L/day capacity. Preliminary results show that reductions of 90% in … more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Wakamiya, W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Modules for estimating solid waste from fossil-fuel technologies

Solid waste has become a subject of increasing concern to energy industries for several reasons. Increasingly stringent air and water pollution regulations result in a larger fraction of residuals in the form of solid wastes. Control technologies, particularly flue gas desulfurization, can multiply the amount of waste. With the renewed emphasis on coal utilization and the likelihood of oil shale development, increased amounts of solid waste will be produced. In the past, solid waste residuals u… more

Date: October 1, 1980

Creator: Crowther, M.A.; Thode, H.C. Jr. & Morris, S.C.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Processing of oil shale in molten hydroxides

Scoping experiments to determine bounds on a possible process for producing fuel hydrocarbons from oil shale by pyrolysis in a bath of molten Na, Li, and K hydroxides have been done. The process can be carried out at relatively low temperatures, 200 to 225/sup 0/C, requires the presence of water and oxygen, and gives hydrocarbon and organic acid products, apparently free of sulfur and nitrogen. A mechanism of oxidation of kerogen at heteroatoms and other functional groups, followed by decarboxy… more

Date: January 1, 1984

Creator: Hues, A.D.; Rofer-DePoorter, C.K. & Rogers, R.N.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Investigation of the Geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, January-March 1980

Retort No. 18 produced 3479 barrels of oil during the quarter for a total of 4528 barrels to date. Chromatographic analyses of Retort No. 18 shale oil by the GKI analytical laboratory indicated variation in the oil from the wells near the air-in end and from the air-out end of the retort. Shale oil has been blended with Altamont crude (the Roosevelt refinery's normal feedstock); the distillation, API gravity, pour point, flash point, Naptha and Cat Gas were not affected by the shale oil. T… more

Date: May 1, 1980

Creator: Hutchinson, D.L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Perform research in process development for hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales: Volume 2, Expansion of the Moving-Bed Hydroretorting Data Base for Eastern oil shales

An extensive data base was developed for six Eastern oil shales: Alabama Chattanooga, Indiana New Albany, Kentucky Sunbury, Michigan Antrim, Ohio Cleveland, and Tennessee Chattanooga shales. The data base included the hydroretorting characteristics of the six shales, as well as the retorting characteristics in the presence of synthesis gas and ionized gas. Shale gasification was also successfully demonstrated. Shale fines (20%) can produce enough hydrogen for the hydroretorting of the remaining… more

Date: November 1, 1989

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Western oil-shale development: a technology assessment. Volume 2: technology characterization and production scenarios

A technology characterization of processes that may be used in the oil shale industry is presented. The six processes investigated are TOSCO II, Paraho Direct, Union B, Superior, Occidental MIS, and Lurgi-Ruhrgas. A scanario of shale oil production to the 300,000 BPD level by 1990 is developed. (ACR)

Date: January 1, 1982

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Equity Oil Company BX in situ oil shale project, Piceance Basin, Colorado. Environmental quarter report, March 1-May 31, 1981

This report has been organized into three sections for ease of review. Section A - Air Resources covers data collected by the 100-foot tower between September and December 1980. Section B - Water Resources covers data collected since the last Quarterly Report. Section C - Aquatic Biology covers data collected since January 1981. Laboratory analysis results of all water samples show no significant changes from previous sample have occurred. The alluvial wells did exhibit slightly higher concentr… more

Date: June 12, 1981

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Investigation of the geokinetics horizontal in situ oil shale retorting process. Quarterly report, July, August, September 1983

Retort No. 27 was ignited using a new procedure and 47 days of operation were completed in the quarter. For retort No. 28 air injection and off gas piping and manifolding was completed along with the installation of electrical and instrumentation wiring. The off gas processing plant for the two retorts was completed and an initial shakedown run made.

Date: January 1, 1984

Creator: Henderson, K. B.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

BX in situ oil shale project. Quarterly technical progress report, September 1-November 30, 1981

September 1, 1981-November 30, 1981, was the fourth consecutive quarter of superheated steam injection at the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project. During the quarter, 117,520 barrels of water as steam were injected into project injection wells at an average wellhead temperature of 715/sup 0/F and an average wellhead pressure of 1378 PSIG. During the same period, 148,516 barrels of fluid were produced from the project production wells for a produced-to-injected fluid ratio of 1.26 to 1.0. Net oil produ… more

Date: December 20, 1981

Creator: Dougan, P. M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Geokinetics in situ shale oil recovery project. Third annual report, 1979

Objective is to develop a true in situ process for recovering shale oil using a fire front moving in a horizontal direction. The project is being conductd at a field site located 70 miles south of Vernal, Utah. During 1979, five retorts were blasted. Four of these were small retorts (approx. 7000 tons), designed to collect data for improving the blast method. The fifth retort was a prototype of a full-sized retort measuring approximately 200 ft on each side. Two retorts, blasted the previous ye… more

Date: May 1, 1980

Creator: Hutchinson, D.L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Oil-shale-retorting and combustion system. [DOE patent application]

The present invention is directed to the extraction of energy values from oil shale containing considerable concentrations of calcium carbonate in an efficient manner. The volatiles are separated from the oil shale in a retorting zone of a fluidized bed where the temperature and the concentration of oxygen are maintained at sufficiently low levels so that the volatiles are extracted from the oil shale with minimal combustion of the volatiles and with minimal calcination of the calcium carbonate… more

Date: August 28, 1981

Creator: Pitrolo, Augustine A.; Mei, Joseph S. & Shang, Jerry Y.

Item Type: Patent

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Influence of chemical characterization of oil shale solids on understanding water quality impacts

Synfuels technologies will yield products and effluents that are a function of the raw material being processed and the process variables. Chemical and mineralogic characterization of solids generated in synfuels production provide valuable insight into health and environmental impacts associated with synfuels processing (coal liquefaction or gasification and shale oil extraction). This report deals with considerations relating to leachate generation from solid wastes, but the suggested researc… more

Date: January 1, 1981

Creator: Peterson, E. J. & Wagner, P.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Western oil shale development: a technology assessment. Volume 8. Health effects of oil shale development

Information on the potential health effects of a developing oil shale industry can be derived from two major sources: (1) the historical experience in foreign countries that have had major industries; and (2) the health effects research that has been conducted in the US in recent years. The information presented here is divided into two major sections: one dealing with the experience in foreign countries and the second dealing with the more recent work associated with current oil shale developm… more

Date: February 1, 1982

Creator: Rotariu, G.J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Los Alamos environmental activities/oil shale effluents

The objectives of this research are to determine the nature, magnitude, and time dependence of the major and trace element releases as functions of the raw shale mineralogy, retorting conditions, and spent shale mineral assemblages. These experimental studies will focus on retorting variable regimes characteristic of most retorting processes. As an adjunct objective, the relation of laboratory results to those obtained from both bench-scale and pilot-scale retorts, when both have been operated … more

Date: January 1, 1985

Creator: Peterson, E. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Oil shale health and environment research

While there have been sporadic efforts to demonstrate certain shale oil extraction technologies in recent years, none of the techniques have been thoroughly analyzed to determine the extent of potential occupational health impacts and even those technologies that have been demonstrated cannot be regarded as typical of a scaled-up, fully mature industry. Industrial hygiene studies have served to identify operations within certain technologies where mitigating methods can and should be applied to… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Holland, L.M. & Tillery, M.I.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department